On-Chain Footprint

The foundational identifier for an on-chain footprint is a cryptographic wallet address. This public key serves as the primary point of attribution for all transactions, holdings, and interactions. Analysts track clusters of related addresses to map the complete activity of a single entity, such as a protocol, DAO, or individual user.

The complete, time-stamped ledger of all transactions (txs) associated with an address or cluster. This includes:

• Value transfers (sending/receiving native tokens or stablecoins).
• Contract interactions (calls to DeFi protocols, NFT mints, governance votes).
• Gas fees paid, indicating priority and network usage patterns. This history forms the behavioral spine of the footprint.

A snapshot of all digital assets held within a wallet at a given block height. This includes:

• Native tokens (e.g., ETH, SOL).
• ERC-20 / SPL tokens (governance tokens, LP positions, stablecoins).
• Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) representing collectibles, memberships, or real-world assets. The composition reveals financial strategy, protocol loyalty, and risk exposure.

Records of specific engagements with smart contracts that define an entity's on-chain role. Key interactions include:

• Providing liquidity to Automated Market Makers (AMMs).
• Borrowing or lending assets in money markets.
• Staking tokens for security or rewards.
• Voting in governance proposals. These actions signal expertise, trust, and economic alignment with specific ecosystems.

The timing, frequency, and cadence of on-chain activity provide critical behavioral context. Analysts examine:

• Dormancy periods vs. activity bursts.
• Regular interactions (e.g., weekly yield harvesting).
• Response times to market events or governance proposals. These patterns help distinguish between bots, institutional players, and retail users.

The footprint specifies which blockchain networks and scaling layers an entity operates on. This includes:

• Base Layer 1 chains (Ethereum, Solana).
• Layer 2 rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism, Base).
• App-specific chains or parachains. Affiliation indicates technological preference, cost sensitivity, and community involvement.

The foundational layer of a footprint, this is the chronological ledger of all value transfers and contract calls initiated by a wallet. It includes details like timestamps, gas fees, counterparties, and transaction hashes. This data is used to calculate metrics like total volume, frequency, and transaction patterns.

A snapshot of a wallet's portfolio at any given block. This includes:

• Native token balances (e.g., ETH, SOL, MATIC).
• Token holdings (ERC-20, SPL, BEP-20).
• Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and other digital collectibles.
• Staked or delegated assets in protocols like Lido or liquid staking derivatives.

Records of every interaction with decentralized applications (dApps). This reveals a user's protocol engagement, such as:

• Swaps on Uniswap or Curve.
• Loans/borrows on Aave or Compound.
• Providing liquidity in Automated Market Makers (AMMs).
• Minting or trading NFTs on platforms like OpenSea.

The derived relational map of a wallet's activity. This includes:

• Counterparty analysis: Identifying frequent interactors.
• Cluster mapping: Linking addresses controlled by the same entity.
• Protocol affinity: Determining primary DeFi, NFT, or gaming ecosystems used.
• Temporal patterns: Identifying activity cycles (e.g., arbitrage, farming).

A quantitative measure of a wallet's economic activity and priority on the network. This includes:

• Total gas spent (in the native token).
• Average gas price paid per transaction.
• Fee volatility across different network conditions.
• High gas expenditure can indicate a power user, trader, or bot.

The emergent, verifiable identity constructed from persistent footprint data. This is not a username, but a reputation score derived from factors like:

• Age of the wallet (first transaction).
• Consistency of activity over time.
• Sophistication of interactions (e.g., multi-step DeFi strategies).
• Sybil resistance signals from asset depth and history.

The complete, immutable ledger of all transactions initiated by a wallet address. This includes every transfer, smart contract interaction, and gas fee paid. Analysts use this to assess activity frequency, counterparties, and behavioral patterns over time.

The total amount of native cryptocurrency (e.g., ETH, MATIC) a wallet has paid as transaction fees. It is a direct measure of economic commitment and on-chain activity level.

• High gas spend indicates frequent or complex interactions.
• A key metric for distinguishing between active users and dormant wallets.

Records of when a wallet calls a smart contract function. This is the core of DeFi and NFT activity.

• Examples: Swapping tokens on a DEX, depositing into a lending pool, minting an NFT.
• Each interaction leaves a traceable event log, revealing a user's protocol preferences and financial strategies.

The composition and movement of ERC-20, ERC-721, and other token standards held by an address. This defines asset exposure and capital flow.

• Holdings Snapshot: Shows current portfolio (e.g., USDC, governance tokens).
• Transfer Graph: Maps inflows/outflows, identifying sources of funds and destinations.

Persistent identifiers derived from footprint analysis, such as ENS domains, delegate addresses for governance, or labels from Sybil detection algorithms. These identities link activity across protocols and time, moving beyond anonymous addresses to recognizable actors.

Groups of wallets identified by machine learning as exhibiting similar interaction patterns. This analytic layer classifies footprints into categories like:

• Arbitrage Bots
• NFT Flippers
• Liquidity Providers
• Governance Participants