Detailed Instructions

First, define the core governance parameters for your DAO's multisig. Determine the required number of signers (owners) and the threshold (e.g., 3 of 5) needed to execute a transaction. Select a secure, audited multisig implementation like OpenZeppelin's MultisigWallet or the Gnosis Safe contracts. For a custom deployment, use a tool like Foundry. Initialize the contract with the owner addresses and the threshold.

• Sub-step 1: Write a deployment script specifying owners (e.g., [0x123..., 0x456..., 0x789...]) and a threshold of 2.
• Sub-step 2: Deploy the contract to your target network (e.g., Ethereum Mainnet, Arbitrum).
• Sub-step 3: Verify the contract source code on a block explorer like Etherscan.

solidityCopy
// Example constructor for a simple multisig
constructor(address[] memory _owners, uint256 _required) {
    for (uint256 i = 0; i < _owners.length; i++) {
        isOwner[_owners[i]] = true;
    }
    owners = _owners;
    required = _required;
}

Tip: Use a deterministic deployment proxy (like CREATE2) for predictable contract addresses, which simplifies frontend integration.

Detailed Instructions

Once deployed, the multisig contract address becomes the DAO's on-chain treasury. You must fund it with the native chain token (e.g., ETH) and any relevant ERC-20, ERC-721, or other assets. Use a simple transfer from a founder's wallet or a pre-existing contract. It is critical to document all initial holdings for transparency. For token approvals, the multisig itself must later sign transactions to interact with DeFi protocols.

• Sub-step 1: Send the initial treasury allocation (e.g., 100 ETH) to the multisig's public address.
• Sub-step 2: For ERC-20 tokens like USDC, call transfer(multisigAddress, amount) from the holder's wallet.
• Sub-step 3: Create an internal record or use a tool like Safe{Wallet} to track the treasury's asset composition.

solidityCopy
// Interacting with an ERC-20 token to fund the treasury
IERC20 usdc = IERC20(0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48);
usdc.transfer(multisigAddress, 5000000000); // 5,000 USDC (6 decimals)

Tip: Consider using a vesting contract for gradual treasury funding to align long-term incentives, rather than a single large transfer.

Detailed Instructions

DAO members initiate actions by creating transaction proposals. This involves specifying a target contract address, value (in ETH), calldata for the function call, and a description. Using the multisig's submitTransaction function, a proposer becomes the first signer. The transaction enters a pending state until the threshold is met. For complex calls, carefully craft the calldata using ethers.js or web3.py.

• Sub-step 1: Encode the function call, e.g., to swap ETH for DAI on Uniswap: swapExactETHForTokens(amountOutMin, path, to, deadline).
• Sub-step 2: Call submitTransaction(target, value, data) on the multisig contract from a signer's wallet.
• Sub-step 3: Record the returned transactionId (a nonce) for tracking and off-chain coordination.

javascriptCopy
// Example using ethers.js to create calldata for a token transfer
const iface = new ethers.utils.Interface(["function transfer(address to, uint amount)"]);
const data = iface.encodeFunctionData("transfer", [recipient, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")]);
// Then call multisig.submitTransaction(tokenAddress, 0, data);

Tip: Use an off-chain voting platform like Snapshot to signal support for a proposal before creating the on-chain transaction, streamlining consensus.

Detailed Instructions

Execution requires the threshold number of confirmations. Other signers call confirmTransaction(transactionId) until the confirmations equal the required count. The final signer must then call executeTransaction(transactionId) to broadcast it to the network. Monitor for gas price spikes and potential reentrancy in the target contract. Failed executions should be analyzed; they may require a new proposal with adjusted parameters.

• Sub-step 1: Each approving signer calls confirmTransaction for the specific transactionId.
• Sub-step 2: The final signer checks that getConfirmationCount(transactionId) >= required.
• Sub-step 3: The final signer calls executeTransaction(transactionId), paying the gas fee.

solidityCopy
// Core execution logic within a multisig contract
function executeTransaction(uint256 transactionId) public {
    require(isOwner[msg.sender]);
    require(confirmations[transactionId][msg.sender] == false);
    confirmations[transactionId][msg.sender] = true;
    ConfirmationAdded(transactionId, msg.sender);
    if (isConfirmed(transactionId)) {
        Transaction storage txn = transactions[transactionId];
        (bool success, ) = txn.destination.call{value: txn.value}(txn.data);
        require(success, "Execution failed");
        txn.executed = true;
    }
}

Tip: Use a gas estimation before execution and consider setting a higher gas limit for complex interactions to avoid out-of-gas failures, which can lock the transaction.

Detailed Instructions

Navigate to your multisig wallet's interface (e.g., Safe{Wallet}, Zodiac) and select Create new transaction. You must specify the target address, value (in ETH or native token), and calldata. For complex interactions like a DAO treasury spend, the calldata encodes the function call, such as a transfer on a token contract. Use a block explorer or a tool like cast from Foundry to generate this data. For example, to propose sending 1000 USDC to a vendor:

bashCopy
cast calldata "transfer(address,uint256)" 0xRecipientAddress 1000000000

Fill in the transaction details, add an explanatory description for other signers, and submit the proposal. This creates a pending transaction requiring approvals.

Tip: Always simulate the transaction using Tenderly or a forked environment before proposing to ensure the calldata is correct and the call will succeed.

Detailed Instructions

Once proposed, the transaction enters a pending state. The approval threshold (e.g., 3 of 5 signers) must be met before execution. Share the transaction link from the multisig interface in your DAO's communication channel (e.g., Discord, forum). Signers must connect their wallets to the multisig app and review the proposal details thoroughly. They should verify the recipient address, amount, calldata, and associated risk level. Each approving signer submits an off-chain signature (EIP-712) by clicking "Approve." These signatures are stored off-chain until execution, saving gas. Monitor the proposal page to track the count of approvals (2/5). If a signer rejects, they may submit a rejection, but only approvals count toward the threshold.

Tip: Establish a clear DAO policy for review timelines and escalation paths for contested transactions.

Detailed Instructions

After the approval threshold is met, any signer can execute the transaction. The executor will pay the gas fee. In the interface, click "Execute." This action bundles all collected off-chain signatures into a single on-chain transaction, calling the execTransaction function on the multisig wallet contract. You will be prompted to confirm the gas settings. For high-value or complex transactions, consider increasing the gas limit to prevent out-of-gas errors. Upon confirmation, the transaction is submitted to the network. The multisig contract validates the signatures and threshold, then performs the call to the target address. Keep the transaction hash for tracking.

Tip: Execution can revert if the wallet lacks funds for the transfer value or if the target contract logic fails. Ensure the wallet's ETH balance covers the value plus gas.

Detailed Instructions

Immediately after execution, use the transaction hash to verify the outcome on a block explorer like Etherscan. Confirm the status is Success and check the event logs for expected emissions (e.g., a Transfer event). This step confirms the multisig's internal state (nonce) has incremented. Update your DAO's internal treasury management tool or spreadsheet with the transaction details: hash, timestamp, amount, recipient, and purpose. This is critical for financial transparency and auditing. If the transaction is part of a larger governance proposal, link the execution hash back to the original proposal on Snapshot or your forum. Finally, archive the proposal in your multisig interface to maintain a clean dashboard of active items.

Tip: Set up a notification bot (e.g., via OpenZeppelin Defender) to alert your DAO's channel of all executed transactions from the treasury address.