The Future of Onboarding: No Wallet? No Problem.

Requiring a browser extension or app install kills conversion. The average user sees a >80% drop-off at the 'download wallet' step. This is the primary bottleneck to mainstream adoption.

• Key Benefit: Seamless, session-based authentication via social logins or passkeys.
• Key Benefit: Removes the cognitive load of seed phrase management for non-crypto-native users.

Protocols like Safe{Wallet} and Privy enable apps to sponsor gas and create non-custodial wallets for users on-demand. ERC-4337 (Account Abstraction) allows for social recovery and batched transactions.

• Key Benefit: Users interact directly with dApps; the wallet is a background service.
• Key Benefit: Developers can abstract gas fees, offering a credit-card-like experience.

Users declare what they want (e.g., 'swap 100 USDC for ETH on Arbitrum'), not how to do it. Solvers on networks like Anoma, UniswapX, and CowSwap compete to fulfill the intent optimally.

• Key Benefit: Eliminates the need for users to understand bridges, liquidity pools, or slippage.
• Key Benefit: Aggregates liquidity and routes across chains (LayerZero, Across) automatically.

Temporary, limited-authority keys allow for secure, gasless interactions within a single app session. Used by gaming and social dApps, they delegate specific actions without exposing the master key.

• Key Benefit: Enables complex, multi-step DeFi or gaming transactions as a single signed intent.
• Key Benefit: Drastically reduces phishing and blind signing risks by limiting key permissions.

Multi-Party Computation (MPC) and Threshold Signature Schemes (TSS), as used by Fireblocks and Coinbase WaaS, split private keys into shards. No single entity holds the complete key, enhancing security for custodial-like experiences.

• Key Benefit: Enterprise-grade security for seamless onboarding, balancing usability and self-custody.
• Key Benefit: Enables institutional flows and compliant transaction policies without slow multisigs.

The final barrier is chain abstraction. Protocols like Polygon AggLayer, Near's Chain Signatures, and Cosmos IBC are building standards to let users sign once for actions across any connected chain.

• Key Benefit: Users operate in a single 'virtual chain' environment, unaware of underlying L2s or appchains.
• Key Benefit: Unlocks composability across the entire modular blockchain ecosystem.

The Problem: Every app reinvents the wheel for social logins, key management, and gas sponsorship.\nThe Solution: A full-stack SDK that abstracts wallet creation, social auth (Google, Discord), and gasless transactions into a single API.\n- Key Benefit: Users sign in with an email, get a non-custodial wallet, and never see gas.\n- Key Benefit: Developers get >90% onboarding completion vs. ~10% with traditional wallet connects.

The Problem: A user's assets and activity are fragmented across chains, forcing apps to build complex multi-chain logic.\nThe Solution: A unified identity and wallet abstraction API that manages smart accounts across Ethereum, Solana, and beyond.\n- Key Benefit: Users get a single, chain-agnostic profile. Apps see a unified view.\n- Key Benefit: Enables intent-based routing for transactions, similar to UniswapX or Across, but for the entire user session.

The Problem: EOAs (normal wallets) are insecure and inflexible. Seed phrases are a UX dead-end.\nThe Solution: SDKs and bundler networks that make ERC-4337 Account Abstraction deployable in minutes, not months.\n- Key Benefit: Enable social recovery, batched transactions, and sponsored gas (paymasters).\n- Key Benefit: ~$0.01 cost to create a smart wallet, unlocking micro-transactions and new business models.

The Problem: Private keys are a single point of failure. Seed phrase backup is a user-hostile ritual.\nThe Solution: Leveraging device-native biometrics (Touch ID, Face ID) via WebAuthn to create hardware-secured, phishing-resistant keys.\n- Key Benefit: Zero-click security. Private key never leaves your device's secure enclave.\n- Key Benefit: Paves the way for native mobile onboarding where the wallet is just your phone's OS login.

Abstracting the wallet often means abstracting custody. The user's 'invisible' assets are typically held in a centralized relayer or smart account controlled by a few entities like Coinbase's Smart Wallet or Safe{Wallet}. This recreates the very intermediaries crypto sought to eliminate, concentrating ~$1B+ in pooled assets under single points of failure.\n- Regulatory Attack Surface: Providers become regulated financial entities, subject to sanctions and seizure.\n- Single Point of Censorship: A relayer can blacklist addresses or freeze funds at the protocol level.

Invisible wallets rely on third-party bundlers (e.g., Stackup, Alchemy) to submit user operations. These bundlers have full visibility into the transaction flow, creating a perfect environment for Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) extraction. The user, detached from the transaction lifecycle, has zero visibility into this leakage.\n- Opaque Fee Markets: Users cannot audit the true cost of their 'gasless' transaction, which includes hidden MEV premiums.\n- Intent-Based Exploitation: Generalized solvers (like those in UniswapX or CowSwap) can optimize for their profit, not user best execution.

Invisible wallets are not a standard; they are competing implementations (ERC-4337, EIP-3074, proprietary SDKs). This leads to a fragmented landscape where a wallet's 'invisibility' breaks across chains or applications. A user's Safe{Wallet} session key may not work on a zkSync dApp, forcing them back to manual seed phrases.\n- Broken User Expectations: The promise of 'no wallet' fails at the edges, creating confusion and abandonment.\n- Developer Overhead: Apps must integrate multiple account abstraction providers, increasing complexity and attack surface.

To enable gasless transactions and social recovery, invisible wallets require extensive off-chain data: email, social logins, device fingerprints. This creates a richer data graph than Web2, controlled by infrastructure providers like Privy or Dynamic. Your on-chain pseudonymity is permanently linked to your real-world identity.\n- Surveillance Capitalism 2.0: Providers can profile and monetize your entire financial graph.\n- Irreversible Doxxing: A single data breach exposes a user's complete cross-chain asset portfolio and history.