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decentralized-science-desci-fixing-research
Blog

The Future of Authorship Is Plural and Programmable

An analysis of how NFT-based attribution frameworks dismantle the broken 'first-author/last-author' model, enabling dynamic, multi-contributor research with automated royalty splits and transparent provenance.

introduction
THE THESIS

Introduction

Blockchain technology is redefining authorship from a singular, static act into a plural and programmable economic primitive.

Authorship is an economic primitive. On-chain, it is a composable asset class defined by smart contract logic, not just a legal copyright. This transforms creation from a terminal event into a programmable revenue stream.

Plural ownership is the default. Protocols like Mirror and Zora enable collective funding and governance of creative works. The model shifts from a single creator to a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) structure.

Programmability enables new business models. Royalties are no longer static percentages but dynamic functions of engagement, viewable on Dune Analytics dashboards. Smart contracts on Ethereum or Solana automate splits and secondary sales.

Evidence: The total value locked in creator economy protocols exceeds $500M, with platforms like Audius and Foundation demonstrating scalable, on-chain user bases.

thesis-statement
THE SHIFT

The Core Argument

Blockchain transforms authorship from a solitary, static act into a plural, programmable process defined by composability and incentives.

Authorship is now composable. A smart contract is not a finished book; it is a function that other contracts call. This creates recursive value creation, where protocols like Uniswap and Aave become foundational layers for derivative projects.

Plural authorship dominates. No single entity writes a DeFi yield strategy. It is assembled from modular primitives like Curve pools, Convex staking, and Yearn vaults, orchestrated by a user's intent.

Programmability dictates evolution. Code is law, but upgrades are social. On-chain governance via Snapshot and Tally turns users into co-authors, directing protocol development through executable proposals.

Evidence: Over $30B in Total Value Locked exists in composability layers like EigenLayer and Lido, proving economic demand for programmable, shared security and liquidity.

THE FUTURE OF AUTHORSHIP IS PLURAL AND PROGRAMMABLE

Web2 vs. Web3 Authorship: A Structural Comparison

A first-principles breakdown of how ownership, monetization, and governance diverge between centralized platforms and decentralized protocols.

Structural FeatureWeb2 Platform (e.g., Substack, Spotify)Web3 Protocol (e.g., Mirror, Sound.xyz)Hybrid Model (e.g., Farcaster, Lens)

Primary Asset Ownership

Platform holds copyright/license

Creator holds on-chain NFT (ERC-721, ERC-1155)

Creator holds on-chain social graph (ERC-6551)

Revenue Capture by Creator

10-30% of gross (platform takes majority)

95% of gross (protocol fee <5%)

Variable; protocol fee 0-5%, platform may add fee

Monetization Composability

Censorship Resistance

Centralized editorial/policy team

Fully permissionless publishing

Application-layer moderation, protocol-layer permanence

Royalty Enforcement

At platform discretion

Programmable via smart contract (EIP-2981)

Programmable, but app-level support varies

Governance & Upgrades

Corporate product team

Token-holder DAO (e.g., $WRITE, $SOUND)

Mixed: protocol DAO + app developer influence

Audience Portability

Zero; locked to platform

Full; audience is on-chain (e.g., token holders)

High; social graph is portable, content may not be

Default Licensing

All Rights Reserved

Flexible CC/on-chain licensing (e.g., a16z CANTO)

Set by application, often flexible

deep-dive
THE STACK

Architecture of a Plural Authorship NFT

A Plural Authorship NFT is a composable smart contract system that encodes contributor rights and revenue logic on-chain.

Core is a modular smart contract. The base NFT contract uses ERC-721 or ERC-1155 for tokenization, with extensions like ERC-2981 for royalties. This creates the atomic unit of ownership and provenance.

Contribution graph is the state layer. A separate, updatable registry (e.g., an EIP-5484 soulbound attestation contract) maps token IDs to an on-chain graph of contributors, roles, and timestamps. This decouples static art from dynamic authorship.

Revenue logic is programmable. A splitter contract (like 0xSplits or Manifold's Royalty Registry) automatically distributes primary sales and secondary royalties according to the contribution graph's weights, eliminating manual reconciliation.

Evidence: The Async Art platform demonstrated programmable layers, while Foundation's 'Collective' shows multi-creator splits. The next step is standardizing the contribution graph as a public good.

risk-analysis
EXISTENTIAL RISKS

The Bear Case: What Could Go Wrong?

The shift to plural, programmable authorship introduces novel attack vectors and systemic fragility.

01

The Coordination Attack Surface

Multi-signature wallets and DAOs are the new norm, but their security is only as strong as their weakest signer. Social engineering, key management failures, and governance apathy create a massive, low-tech vulnerability.\n- 51% of DAO hacks stem from governance manipulation or credential theft.\n- ~$1B+ lost to multisig and governance exploits since 2020 (Poly Network, Nomad).

51%
DAO Hack Vector
$1B+
Historical Losses
02

The Composability Crash

Programmable money creates fragile, hyper-connected financial systems. A failure in one core primitive (like a stablecoin or lending market) can trigger a cascade of liquidations and contract failures across the entire ecosystem.\n- Terra/Luna collapse wiped ~$40B and crippled protocols built on its DeFi stack.\n- Automated, permissionless interactions make contagion instantaneous and unstoppable.

$40B
Contagion Example
Instant
Failure Propagation
03

Regulatory Blowback on Autonomy

Fully autonomous, on-chain entities that execute code without human intervention are a regulator's nightmare. The SEC and other agencies will classify them as unregistered securities or illegal financial entities, leading to protocol shutdowns and developer liability.\n- The Howey Test will be applied to governance tokens and revenue-sharing mechanisms.\n- Projects like Lido and Uniswap are already under intense scrutiny for their decentralized and profitable nature.

High
SEC Scrutiny Risk
Global
Jurisdictional War
04

The Oracle Manipulation Endgame

All programmable finance and automated authorship rely on external data feeds. A sufficiently motivated attacker can corrupt these oracles (Chainlink, Pyth) to drain billions from derivative platforms, lending markets, and prediction engines.\n- Single-point-of-failure risk remains despite decentralized oracle networks.\n- Mango Markets lost $114M from a single oracle price manipulation.

$114M
Example Exploit
Billions
Systemic Exposure
05

Intractability Becomes a Bug

Immutability is a feature until it's not. A smart contract bug in a foundational protocol becomes a permanent, unfixable vulnerability draining funds in perpetuity. Forking the chain is a nuclear option that destroys network effects.\n- The DAO hack required a contentious Ethereum hard fork to remediate.\n- Today's $100B+ DeFi TVL represents a massive, immutable bug bounty.

Permanent
Vulnerability Lifespan
$100B+
Immutable TVL at Risk
06

The AI Agent Takeover Problem

The end-state is AI agents autonomously executing on-chain strategies. An emergent, non-aligned intelligence could exploit market inefficiencies at superhuman speed, leading to flash crashes, liquidity black holes, and unpredictable systemic behavior.\n- Zero human oversight in high-frequency, cross-protocol arbitrage.\n- Creates a new class of algorithmic systemic risk beyond traditional circuit breakers.

Superhuman
Exploit Speed
Novel
Risk Category
future-outlook
THE PLURAL AUTHOR

Future Outlook: The Composable Research Paper

Research papers will evolve from static PDFs into dynamic, executable, and financially-incentivized protocol components.

Papers become protocols. A research paper's core contribution—a novel consensus mechanism or a ZK circuit design—will be deployed as a live, on-chain module. This transforms the paper from a static document into a composable primitive that other protocols like Optimism or Arbitrum can fork and integrate directly.

Authorship is a multi-sig. The single-author model dissolves. Papers are co-authored by researchers, developers, and auditors, with contributions and royalties programmatically enforced via smart contracts. This creates a credible-neutral attribution layer that surpasses the broken academic citation system.

Funding is performance-based. Instead of grants, authors earn fees from protocol usage, similar to how Uniswap Labs earns from its Universal Router. A paper proposing a more efficient AMM curve would generate revenue every time a fork like PancakeSwap uses it, creating a direct R&D-to-revenue flywheel.

Evidence: The ERC-4337 account abstraction standard demonstrates this model. It started as a research concept, was formalized into an EIP, and is now a live standard driving billions in volume for bundlers like Stackup and paymasters like Biconomy.

takeaways
ACTIONABLE INSIGHTS

Key Takeaways for Builders and Funders

The transition from monolithic to modular authorship is not a feature—it's a fundamental re-architecture of value creation on-chain.

01

The Problem: Monolithic DApps Are Value Silos

Today's applications hoost user interactions and fees. This stifles composability and creates winner-take-all markets that limit ecosystem growth.\n- Isolated Liquidity: Value generated in one app (e.g., a game) cannot be seamlessly leveraged by another.\n- Innovation Tax: Builders must reinvent the wheel for basic functions like governance or asset issuance, wasting ~40% of dev time on non-core logic.

40%
Dev Time Wasted
02

The Solution: Deploy Autonomous, Composable Agents

Build applications as networks of specialized, programmable agents (like Farcaster Frames or ERC-6551 token-bound accounts). These agents own assets, execute logic, and form ad-hoc partnerships.\n- Permissionless Integration: Any agent can call any other agent's functions, creating emergent behaviors.\n- Value Accrual: Fees and data flow directly to the agent's logic and its stakeholders, enabling new micro-revenue models.

ERC-6551
Key Standard
03

The Problem: Static NFTs Are Dead Capital

Non-fungible tokens today are largely inert JPEGs. Their utility is locked to the issuing platform, representing billions in dormant on-chain value.\n- Limited Utility: An NFT from Project A cannot natively interact with a game from Project B.\n- Passive Assets: They cannot autonomously participate in DeFi, govern, or generate yield without cumbersome wrapping.

$10B+
Dormant Value
04

The Solution: Token-Bound Accounts as Active Participants

Adopt ERC-6551 to turn every NFT into a smart contract wallet. This transforms collectibles into active, programmable economic agents.\n- Native Composability: Your NFT can now hold assets, vote in DAOs, and earn yield across any compatible protocol.\n- New Primitive: Enables novel use cases like delegatable gaming avatars and royalty-enforcing art collections without middlemen.

1 Wallet/NFT
New Paradigm
05

The Problem: Opaque and Rent-Seeking Royalty Models

Creator royalties on major marketplaces are optional, inconsistently enforced, and siphon fees to intermediaries. This breaks the fundamental promise of programmable ownership.\n- Centralized Enforcement: Reliance on marketplace policy, not code.\n- Value Leakage: A significant portion of secondary sale value is captured by platforms, not creators.

0-100%
Royalty Volatility
06

The Solution: Hardcode Economics into the Asset Itself

Build with standards that embed economic logic at the token level (e.g., ERC-5218 for split royalties). This makes value flows immutable and platform-agnostic.\n- Trustless Enforcement: Royalties, affiliate fees, and DAO treasury contributions execute automatically on-chain.\n- Modular Stacks: Creators can plug in different "economic modules" for their assets, creating a market for financial primitives.

ERC-5218
Example Primitive
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