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wallet-wars-smart-accounts-vs-embedded-wallets
Blog

Why Decentralized Identifiers Will Be Built on WaaS Infrastructure

DIDs require a portable, secure, and programmable home. The emerging WaaS stack—providing key management, smart accounts, and cross-app portability—is the inevitable substrate for user-centric identity.

introduction
THE IDENTITY LAYER

Introduction

Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) will not scale as standalone protocols; they require the abstraction and key management of Wallet-as-a-Service (WaaS).

DIDs are infrastructure-dependent. The W3C DID standard defines a portable identity, but its practical utility depends on secure key generation, storage, and signing—the exact core competencies of modern WaaS providers like Privy and Dynamic.

User experience dictates adoption. A DID is useless if a user loses their seed phrase. WaaS abstracts this risk through social logins and multi-party computation (MPC), creating a recoverable identity layer that applications like Farcaster and Friend.tech already rely on.

The market has voted. Protocols building identity primitives—such as Worldcoin's World ID or ENS—increasingly integrate WaaS tooling for onboarding. The identity stack is converging on WaaS as its foundational settlement layer for key operations.

thesis-statement
THE IDENTITY LAYER

The Core Thesis: WaaS is the DID Substrate

Wallet-as-a-Service provides the foundational infrastructure upon which scalable, user-owned Decentralized Identifiers will be built.

WaaS abstracts key management. Decentralized Identifiers require secure, portable key custody. WaaS providers like Privy or Dynamic solve this by managing MPC-secured keys, enabling seamless DID creation and recovery without seed phrases.

DIDs need programmable context. A static identifier is useless. WaaS embeds DIDs within transactional logic, allowing protocols like Uniswap or Aave to verify user reputation and history directly within the wallet session.

The alternative fails. Browser extension wallets (MetaMask) create identity silos. WaaS provides a cloud-accessible, cross-application identity layer, making DIDs as portable as an email address but cryptographically verifiable.

Evidence: Privy's embedded wallets power DIDs for Farcaster clients, demonstrating scalable onboarding. This model processes millions of sign-ins, proving the infrastructure handles mainstream volume.

INFRASTRUCTURE BATTLEGROUND

The DID Stack: App-Centric vs. WaaS-Centric

Comparison of two primary architectural models for building decentralized identity, focusing on developer experience, security, and scalability trade-offs.

Core Feature / MetricApp-Centric ModelWaaS-Centric Model

Primary Abstraction Layer

Smart Contract (e.g., ERC-4337, ERC-725)

REST API / SDK (e.g., Privy, Dynamic)

Key Management Burden

User (via EOA or SCW)

Infrastructure Provider

Gas Sponsorship Model

Paymaster required (e.g., Pimlico, Biconomy)

Bundled in service fee

Time to First DID (Dev)

2 weeks (wallet integration, gas logic)

< 1 hour (API key integration)

Cross-Chain DID State Sync

Custom bridge/relayer required

Native feature via provider's infra

Recovery Mechanism Complexity

Social / Multi-sig (user-managed)

Centralized fallback (provider-managed)

Protocol Revenue Model

Gas fees + potential protocol fee

SaaS subscription (e.g., $0.01-0.10 per active user/month)

Maximum Theoretical TPS (DID ops)

Governed by underlying L1/L2 (~100-2k)

Governed by provider's backend (>10k)

deep-dive
THE ARCHITECTURAL SHIFT

The Technical Imperative: Key Custody is Identity Custody

Decentralized identity protocols will be built on Wallet-as-a-Service infrastructure because it provides the essential key management and user experience layer.

WaaS is the identity substrate. Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and Verifiable Credentials require secure, portable key custody. WaaS providers like Privy and Dynamic solve this by abstracting seed phrases into familiar Web2 flows, creating the user onboarding layer that DID standards like W3C's did:web lack.

Key management dictates identity scope. A user's social graph, reputation, and permissions are cryptographic attestations linked to a key pair. WaaS infrastructure, through embedded wallets and multi-party computation (MPC), makes managing these high-fidelity identity keys operationally feasible at scale.

Compare DID-only vs. WaaS-integrated. A standalone DID protocol faces adoption friction from key loss. An identity stack built on Coinbase's Wallet-as-a-Service or Magic's SDK inherits its recovery mechanisms and session management, turning a theoretical standard into a usable product.

Evidence: The ERC-4337 smart account standard proves the demand for abstracted custody. Identity protocols like Disco and Spruce ID now integrate with WaaS to leverage its key management, rather than rebuilding it.

protocol-spotlight
THE INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER

WaaS Providers Already Building the DID Future

Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) are identity primitives, but Wallets-as-a-Service (WaaS) provides the essential infrastructure for their adoption.

01

The Problem: Key Management is a UX Dead End

Seed phrases and gas fees are non-starters for mass adoption. WaaS abstracts this complexity, enabling DIDs to be used by real users.\n- Key Benefit: Zero-gas onboarding via embedded MPC wallets.\n- Key Benefit: Recovery without seed phrases using social or multi-party systems.

99%
Less Friction
<60s
Onboarding Time
02

The Solution: Portable, Chain-Agnostic Identity

A DID tied to a single chain is useless. WaaS providers like Privy and Dynamic build identity that works across Ethereum, Solana, and Arbitrum from day one.\n- Key Benefit: One identity for all EVM and non-EVM activity.\n- Key Benefit: Session keys enable seamless, secure app interactions.

10+
Chains Supported
~500ms
Cross-Chain Auth
03

The Architecture: DIDs as a Feature, Not a Product

Standalone DID protocols struggle with distribution. WaaS bakes ERC-4337 Account Abstraction and Sign-In with Ethereum (SIWE) directly into the wallet layer, making DIDs a default.\n- Key Benefit: Programmable security policies (spending limits, 2FA).\n- Key Benefit: Composability with DeFi, NFTs, and governance.

ERC-4337
Native Support
1-Click
App Integration
04

The Proof: WaaS is the DID Data Layer

Providers like Capsule and Turnkey custody the private key shards and sign transactions. This secure, scalable backend is the unglamorous plumbing that makes verifiable credentials and on-chain reputations possible.\n- Key Benefit: Auditable key management with enterprise-grade security.\n- Key Benefit: Real-time attestation feeds for Sybil resistance.

MPC/TSS
Security Model
99.99%
Uptime SLA
05

The Business Model: Identity-as-a-Service

WaaS monetizes the infrastructure, not the identity. This aligns incentives: they profit by scaling secure, usable wallets, which directly scales DID adoption. Think AWS for identity, not another soulbound token standard.\n- Key Benefit: Predictable pricing per active user or transaction.\n- Key Benefit: Enterprise-ready compliance and audit trails.

$0.01
Per Auth Cost
B2B2C
Distribution
06

The Future: From WaaS to Sovereign Agent Networks

The endgame isn't just logins. WaaS infrastructure will power autonomous agents with their own DIDs and wallets, executing on behalf of users. This requires the reliability and interoperability that only WaaS provides.\n- Key Benefit: Agent-native wallets for continuous operation.\n- Key Benefit: Intent-based routing across chains via UniswapX or CowSwap.

24/7
Agent Uptime
Intents
Execution Model
counter-argument
THE ARCHITECTURAL REALITY

Counterpoint: Couldn't This Centralize Identity?

WaaS provides the critical infrastructure layer for DID issuance and management, not the identity itself.

The DID is sovereign. A Decentralized Identifier (DID) anchored on a public blockchain like Ethereum or Solana is a user-owned cryptographic keypair. The WaaS provider (e.g., Privy, Dynamic) facilitates key generation and session management but never holds the private key. This separation of infrastructure from credential is identical to how AWS hosts your website but doesn't own your domain.

The credential is portable. WaaS platforms use open standards like W3C DIDs and Verifiable Credentials. This ensures user identity data is interoperable and can be migrated away from any single provider. The lock-in risk with WaaS is operational, not cryptographic, similar to choosing one cloud provider over another for your application's backend.

Evidence: The Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS) demonstrates this model. Projects like Worldcoin use it for biometric proofs, while Gitcoin Passport uses it for reputation. The attestations live on-chain, independent of the attester, proving that infrastructure commoditization enables, not hinders, decentralized identity stacks.

takeaways
THE WALLET AS A PLATFORM

Key Takeaways for Builders and Investors

Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) are the next major abstraction layer, and WaaS is the only viable infrastructure to host them at scale.

01

The Abstraction War is Over: WaaS Won

Building DIDs directly on-chain is a dead end due to prohibitive gas costs and user-hostile key management. WaaS providers like Privy, Dynamic, Turnkey abstract this complexity, offering a ~90% reduction in user drop-off by handling key custody, session management, and multi-chain state.

  • Key Benefit 1: Enables gasless onboarding and transactions, unlocking mainstream adoption.
  • Key Benefit 2: Provides a unified, portable identity layer across any EVM, SVM, or Move-based chain.
-90%
Drop-Off
10+
Chains Supported
02

The Privacy-First Data Layer

Traditional identity systems (e.g., OAuth, social logins) create honeypots of user data. WaaS infrastructure enables zero-knowledge DIDs, where proofs of reputation or credentials are verified without exposing raw data. This aligns with frameworks like Iden3 and Polygon ID.

  • Key Benefit 1: Enables compliant, selective disclosure (KYC, credit scores) without surveillance.
  • Key Benefit 2: Creates a new market for verifiable credentials, moving trust from platforms to cryptographic proofs.
ZK
Native
0
Data Leakage
03

The New Business Model: Identity RPCs

DIDs transform wallets from simple key stores into programmable identity endpoints. WaaS providers become identity RPC layers, monetizing through authenticated API calls for on-chain actions, social graphs, and reputation checks. This mirrors the Alchemy, Infura playbook for data.

  • Key Benefit 1: Generates recurring revenue from developer usage, not speculative tokenomics.
  • Key Benefit 2: Creates defensible moats via network effects of aggregated identity graphs and developer tooling.
API
Monetization
$1B+
TAM
04

Interoperability is Non-Negotiable

A DID locked to one chain or app is worthless. WaaS infrastructure, by design, provides chain-agnostic signing and state synchronization. This is the critical plumbing for cross-chain intent systems like UniswapX, Across, and omnichain apps using LayerZero or CCIP.

  • Key Benefit 1: DIDs become portable assets, not walled garden profiles.
  • Key Benefit 2: Enables complex, multi-step intents (e.g., "swap on Arbitrum, lend on Base") under a single user session.
Omnichain
By Default
<2s
State Sync
05

Regulatory Arbitrage Through Architecture

Centralized custodians (CEXs) are regulatory targets. WaaS providers using MPC/TSS or smart account custody (e.g., Safe{Wallet}) architecturally avoid being classified as custodians. The DID and assets remain user-controlled, with the WaaS as a non-custodial service provider.

  • Key Benefit 1: Offers a compliant path that avoids the SEC's "investment contract" framework.
  • Key Benefit 2: Shifts regulatory risk from the infrastructure layer to the application layer, where it belongs.
MPC
Custody
0
Regulatory Drag
06

The Killer App: Automated Agent Ecosystems

DIDs on WaaS enable non-human entities—DeFi bots, AI agents, DAO delegates—to have verifiable, fee-paying identities. This unlocks autonomous economic networks where agents can trade, govern, and contract using their own credentials and gas wallets.

  • Key Benefit 1: Creates a new substrate for Agentic Economics, a potential $10B+ market.
  • Key Benefit 2: Turns every automated strategy into a first-class, accountable on-chain citizen.
Agentic
Economy
24/7
Uptime
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