Why We Need a 'TCP/IP Stack' for Physical Infrastructure on Chain

Every DeFi protocol runs its own oracle, creating massive redundancy and systemic risk. Chainlink dominates, but Pyth and API3 compete for niche data, fragmenting security and liquidity.\n- ~$100B+ in DeFi TVL relies on a handful of centralized data feeds.\n- Redundant costs as each protocol pays for the same data separately.\n- Security is not additive; a failure in one oracle can cascade.

Tokenizing real-world assets like treasury bills or real estate creates off-chain custodial bottlenecks. Protocols like Ondo Finance and Maple Finance are walled gardens.\n- Settlement latency of ~2-5 days defeats the purpose of blockchain.\n- No composability between RWA platforms and native DeFi (e.g., Aave, Compound).\n- Legal liability remains centralized, negating censorship resistance.

Renewable energy credits and grid balancing are tracked on slow, permissioned legacy systems. Projects like Energy Web Chain exist but cannot interoperate with major DeFi liquidity.\n- Zero integration with the ~$50B+ DeFi yield market.\n- Manual reconciliation creates settlement risk and high overhead.\n- Physical asset verification remains a trusted, off-chain black box.

The Problem: Smart contracts are isolated. They can't natively fetch weather data, process payments, or verify KYC. The Solution: A serverless developer platform that connects any API to any blockchain. It abstracts away the oracle network, letting devs run custom off-chain logic.

• Key Benefit: Enables DePIN, parametric insurance, and RWA onboarding by fetching any external data.
• Key Benefit: Pay-per-use model eliminates the need to run your own oracle node infrastructure.

The Problem: New physical infrastructure networks (AVSs) must bootstrap their own validator sets and trust, a capital-intensive and slow process. The Solution: Restaking pooled Ethereum security. Projects like EigenDA and Omni use this to secure data availability and cross-chain messaging.

• Key Benefit: ~$15B in TVL provides instant, cryptoeconomic security for new networks.
• Key Benefit: Unlocks modular security, allowing infra protocols to focus on core tech, not validator recruitment.

The Problem: Raw blockchain data is unusable for applications. Querying historical DePIN device states or complex RWA holdings is slow and expensive. The Solution: A decentralized protocol for indexing and querying blockchain data via GraphQL. It turns chain data into a queryable API.

• Key Benefit: Sub-second queries for complex data relationships (e.g., "show me all sensors in region X with temp > Y").
• Key Benefit: Data integrity via decentralized indexing, preventing single points of failure for critical infrastructure apps.

The Problem: Physical infrastructure is fragmented. A sensor on Chain A cannot natively trigger a payment or action on Chain B. The Solution: General message passing protocols that enable cross-chain smart contract calls. This is the plumbing for multi-chain DePIN and RWA systems.

• Key Benefit: Universal interoperability connects any asset or data point across 50+ chains, unlike app-specific bridges.
• Key Benefit: Programmable composability allows for complex, cross-chain logic flows essential for automated physical systems.

The Problem: How do you cryptographically verify that real-world work (providing WiFi, mapping roads) was done without a trusted third party? The Solution: Light Hardware + Cryptographic Proofs. Devices cryptographically sign work, with proofs verified on-chain for token rewards.

• Key Benefit: Creates crypto-native business models where infrastructure deployment is incentivized via tokens, not capex.
• Key Benefit: Data sovereignty - contributors own and can monetize the data they generate (e.g., mapping, connectivity).

The Problem: Rollups and L2s for infrastructure are siloed, preventing cross-rollup composability and creating MEV opportunities. The Solution: Decentralized shared sequencers that order transactions across multiple rollups, enabling synchronous cross-rollup communication.

• Key Benefit: Atomic composability across infrastructure-specific rollups (e.g., energy, compute, storage) for complex transactions.
• Key Benefit: MEV resistance & fairness through decentralized sequencing, critical for equitable physical resource allocation.

Current oracle designs like Chainlink and Pyth are built for DeFi price feeds, not for complex, stateful real-world assets (RWAs). They lack a standard for data attestation and dispute resolution across supply chains.

• Key Benefit 1: Standardized attestation layers enable cross-protocol RWA composability.
• Key Benefit 2: Formalized slashing and insurance mechanisms create cryptoeconomic security for physical events.

Today, a shipping container's location, a warehouse inventory, and a carbon credit are siloed in incompatible systems (IoT, ERPs, private chains). This prevents atomic "ship-and-pay" or "prove-and-trade" transactions.

• Key Benefit 1: A unified state layer acts as a shared ledger for physical events, similar to how TCP/IP enables packet routing.
• Key Benefit 2: Enables intent-based settlement for RWAs, mirroring the UX of UniswapX and Across for digital assets.

Proving a real-world event occurred (e.g., a delivery, an energy transfer) without revealing proprietary business logic requires zero-knowledge cryptography. Current systems rely on trusted committees.

• Key Benefit 1: ZK attestations provide cryptographic proof of physical state changes, moving beyond social consensus.
• Key Benefit 2: Enables privacy-preserving compliance, where regulators can verify proofs without seeing underlying data.

Just as the internet required standardized layers (Link, IP, TCP, Application), on-chain physical infra needs its own stack: a Physical Data Layer, a State Reconciliation Layer, and a Settlement & Dispute Layer.

• Key Benefit 1: Clear separation of concerns allows for specialized innovation at each layer (e.g., specialized oracles, ZK co-processors).
• Key Benefit 2: Creates a composable primitive that protocols like Chainlink CCIP, LayerZero, and Hyperlane can build upon for cross-chain RWA messaging.