The Cost of Silos: AA as the Unifier for Modular Blockchains

Users manage dozens of private keys across rollups, appchains, and L1s. Each silo requires its own gas token, seed phrase, and bridging step, creating a ~$1B+ annual UX tax in lost time and failed transactions.

• Fragmented Identity: No portable social graph or reputation.
• Capital Inefficiency: Idle funds trapped on specific chains.
• Security Risk: More keys increase attack surface.

AA standards like ERC-4337 and native implementations (Starknet, zkSync) enable a single smart account to operate across any EVM or non-EVM chain via session keys and cross-chain verification.

• Unified Identity: One account, all chains. Think ENS + Safe across rollups.
• Gas Abstraction: Pay with any token on any chain via paymasters.
• Atomic Composability: Execute actions across Celestia, EigenLayer, and Arbitrum in one bundle.

Modularity isolates DeFi liquidity. Moving assets between rollups via bridges like Across or LayerZero is a manual, slow, and expensive process, with ~$200M+ in annual bridge exploit risk.

• Inefficient Markets: Arbitrage delays and higher slippage.
• Protocol Duplication: Every rollup needs its own Uniswap, Aave fork.
• Capital Lock-up: Funds are in transit, not earning yield.

AA enables declarative, intent-driven transactions. Users specify a goal ("swap ETH for ARB"), and AA wallets + solvers (like UniswapX, CowSwap) find the optimal route across all available liquidity pools and chains.

• Optimal Execution: Solvers compete across CEX, DEX, and bridges.
• Gasless Experience: Sponsorship abstracts away chain-specific fees.
• Unified Liquidity: Treats all modular chains as one liquidity mesh.

Each appchain and rollup forces users to adopt its unique security assumptions and upgrade mechanisms. This creates cognitive overhead and inconsistent trust models, from Optimistic to ZK to sovereign chains.

• No Unified Recovery: Lost a rollup-specific key? Funds are gone.
• Varying Finality: From minutes to weeks, confusing users.
• Fragmented Audits: Each environment needs separate scrutiny.

AA accounts can delegate security to a cross-chain verification layer (e.g., using EigenLayer AVSs) and embed social recovery or MPC guardians that are chain-agnostic.

• Centralized Security: Rely on Ethereum for root-of-trust, all chains inherit.
• Universal Recovery: Recover access across all chains with one social process.
• Consistent Policies: Apply 2FA, spending limits, and transaction policies everywhere.

Users must hold native gas tokens on every chain they interact with, locking up capital and creating UX friction. Cross-chain AA solves this.

• Paymaster Relays: Use any token (e.g., USDC) to pay for gas on any chain via services like Biconomy and Stackup.
• Sponsored Transactions: Protocols can subsidize user onboarding, absorbing gas costs to drive adoption.
• Gas Estimation Unification: A single interface predicts costs across Ethereum, Arbitrum, and Polygon, eliminating surprise fees.

Approving every transaction per chain is unsustainable. Cross-chain AA enables persistent user intents.

• Unified Session: Sign once to authorize a multi-step, multi-chain operation (e.g., bridge USDC from Arbitrum to Base and swap).
• Intent-Based Routing: Users specify a goal ("get best price"), and AA wallets like Ambient or Kresus orchestrate execution across UniswapX, 1inch, and Across.
• Atomic Compositions: Bundle actions across chains into a single, guaranteed settlement, preventing partial failures.

Your wallet address and state are chain-locked. ERC-4337 Smart Accounts are inherently portable, controlled by a single signer.

• State Synchronization: Social recovery settings, transaction policies, and whitelists persist across Optimism, zkSync, and Avalanche.
• Unified Nonce: Eliminates race conditions and failed transactions caused by managing separate nonces on each chain.
• Deployment-on-Demand: The account contract is only deployed when first used on a new chain, minimizing upfront cost and bloat.

Modularity multiplies attack surfaces. Cross-chain AA centralizes security policy enforcement.

• Global Rate Limiting: Set a daily spend cap that aggregates across all chains, preventing drainer exploits on a newly deployed chain.
• Unified Threat Detection: Services like Blowfish and Forta monitor for malicious intents across the user's entire multi-chain footprint.
• Recovery Sovereignty: Social recovery or hardware signer migration is executed once, protecting all chain instances of the smart account simultaneously.